Magnetoresistive stack with seed region and method of manufacturing the same

ABSTRACT

A magnetoresistive stack/structure and method of manufacturing same comprising wherein the stack/structure includes a seed region, a fixed magnetic region disposed on and in contact with the seed region, a dielectric layer(s) disposed on the fixed magnetic region and a free magnetic region disposed on the dielectric layer(s). In one embodiment, the seed region comprises an alloy including nickel and chromium having (i) a thickness greater than or equal to 40 Angstroms (+/−10%) and less than or equal to 60 Angstroms (+/−10%), and (ii) a material composition or content of chromium within a range of 25-60 atomic percent (+/−10%) or 30-50 atomic percent (+/−10%).

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation-in-part of U.S. application Ser. No. 15/373,880, filed Dec. 9, 2016, which claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 62/265,650, filed Dec. 10, 2015, both of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entireties. Further, this application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 62/712,578, filed Jul. 31, 2018, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

TECHNICAL FIELD

The present disclosure relates to, among other things, magnetoresistive stacks and methods of manufacturing magnetoresistive stacks. More specifically, embodiments of the present disclosure are directed to magnetoresistive stacks including one or more seed regions, and methods of manufacturing magnetoresistive stacks including one or more seed regions.

INTRODUCTION

There are many inventions described and illustrated herein, as well as many aspects and embodiments of those inventions. In one aspect, the present inventions relate to a magnetoresistive stack/structure (for example, a magnetoresistive memory stack/structure or a magnetoresistive sensor/transducer stack/structure) and a method of manufacturing such a stack/structure. In one embodiment of this aspect of the invention, the inventive magnetoresistive stack/structure (for example, a magnetic tunnel junction (MTJ) stack/structure) includes a seed region having a material composition and an associated thickness, disposed between an electrically conductive material (for example, a metal of an electrode/via/line) and a region including one or more layers of magnetic or ferromagnetic materials, that improves the reliability, thermal stability and/or thermal endurance of the magnetoresistive stack/structure.

For example, the seed region may include one or more of nickel, chromium, cobalt, iron and alloys thereof (for example, an alloy including nickel and/or chromium) having a thickness which is greater than or equal to 30 Angstroms, or 40 Angstroms, or 50 Angstroms, or preferably greater than or equal to 60 Angstroms, or more preferably greater than or equal to 40 or 50 Angstroms and less than or equal to 100 Angstroms (for example, 40 Angstroms to 60 Angstroms), or even more preferably greater than or equal to 60 Angstroms and less than or equal to 100 Angstroms, or most preferably 60 Angstroms +/−10%. The seed region may be disposed between and in physical contact with an electrically conductive metal material of an electrode/via/line (for example, in the context of an electrode or via, tantalum, or an alloy thereof (such as a tantalum-nitride alloy), or a composite thereof (such as a tantalum and tantalum-nitride alloy composite)) and the fixed magnetic region a magnetoresistive memory stack/structure (which, in one embodiment, includes a plurality of layers of one or more magnetic or ferromagnetic materials (for example, a multi-layer structure of (i) cobalt and platinum or (ii) cobalt and nickel)).

In one embodiment, the seed region is implemented in a MTJ-type magnetoresistive stack/structure having a perpendicular magnetic anisotropy wherein the magnetic region disposed on or in physical contact with the seed region maintains or includes improved properties (for example, magnetoresistance (MR) and resistance-area product (RA) of the stack/structure) after subsequent or additional processing (for example, annealing processes after deposition/formation of the magnetic region). Indeed, a stack/structure including such a seed region may exhibit improved reliability, thermal stability and/or thermal endurance of the magnetoresistive stack/structure, for example, a magnetoresistive memory stack/structure. Here, the seed region of the present inventions may facilitate growth thereon of layers of the magnetic region that are smoother and/or include sharper interfaces (relative to layers grown on conventional seed regions). For example, a multi-layer magnetic region (e.g., (i) cobalt and platinum or (ii) cobalt and nickel) may be grown on the seed region of the present inventions more smoothly and with sharper interface. Further, the seed regions of the present inventions may include less stress (again relative to layers grown on conventional seed regions). One, some or all of these characteristics may facilitate an MTJ-type magnetoresistive stack/structure of the present inventions to include and/or maintain improved characteristics or properties (for example, magnetoresistance (MR) and resistance-area product (RA) of the stack/structure) even after being undergoing one or more anneal processes at elevated temperatures (for example, 400° C.).

Notably, the present inventions may employ any technique now known or later developed to manufacture the MTJ stack/structure including with respect to the formation and/or deposition of the seed region; all such techniques are intended to fall within the scope of the present inventions. For example, in one embodiment, the seed region is an alloy including nickel and chromium and is formed or deposited, via ion-beam deposition, sputtering and/or evaporation techniques, on an electrically conductive metal of, for example, an electrode/via/line (for example, a metal material such as tantalum or tantalum-nitride, or a composite thereof). Thereafter, one or more layers of ferromagnetic material (for example, a multi-layer structure of (i) cobalt and platinum or (ii) cobalt and nickel) may be deposited on the seed region. The multi-layer structure of cobalt and platinum may start with a cobalt layer (followed by a platinum layer) disposed on the nickel and chromium alloy seed layer/region. Where the multi-layer structure is cobalt and nickel, a nickel layer/region (followed by a cobalt layer) may be first disposed on the nickel and chromium alloy seed layer.

Briefly, a magnetoresistive memory stack/structure, in one embodiment, includes at least one non-magnetic layer (for example, at least one dielectric layer) disposed between a “fixed” magnetic region and a “free” magnetic region, each consisting of a plurality of layers of one or more magnetic or ferromagnetic materials. Information is stored in the magnetoresistive memory stack/structure by switching, programming and/or controlling the direction of magnetization vectors in one or more of the magnetic layers of the free magnetic region of the stack/structure. Here, the direction of the magnetization vectors of the free magnetic region may be switched and/or programmed (for example, through spin-torque transfer) by application of a write signal (one or more current pulses) to or through the magnetoresistive memory stack/structure while, in contrast, the magnetization vectors in the magnetic layers of a fixed magnetic region are magnetically fixed (in a predetermined direction).

The magnetoresistive memory stack/structure includes an electrical resistance that depends on the magnetic state of certain regions of the memory stack/structure. That is, in one embodiment, when the magnetization vectors of the “free” magnetic region are in a first state or in a first direction (for example, which is the same direction as the direction of the magnetization vectors of the “fixed” magnetic region), the magnetoresistive memory stack/structure has a first magnetic state which may correspond to a low electrical resistance state. Conversely, when the magnetization vectors of the “free” magnetic region are in a second state or in a second direction (for example, which is a different direction (for example, opposite or opposing) as the direction of the magnetization vectors of the “fixed” magnetic region), the magnetoresistive memory stack/structure has a second magnetic state which may correspond to a high electrical resistance state. The magnetic state of the magnetoresistive memory stack/structure is determined or read based on the resistance of the magnetoresistive memory stack/structure in response to a read current of a read operation.

As intimated above, the present inventions are directed to a magnetoresistive stack/structure—for example, a magnetoresistive memory stack/structure or a magnetoresistive sensor/transducer stack/structure having a seed region (which includes, for example, an alloy including nickel and chromium having a thickness (T) of T≥30 Angstroms+/−10%, or T≥40 Angstroms+/−10%, or T≥50 Angstroms+/−10%, or preferably T≥60 Angstroms+/−10%, or more preferably 100 Angstroms≥T≥40 or 50 Angstroms (each limit +/−10%) (for example, 60 Angstroms≥T≥40 Angstroms), or even more preferably 100 Angstroms≥T≥60 Angstroms (each limit+/−10%) (for example, T=80 Angstroms+/−10%), or most preferably T=60 Angstroms+/−10%), disposed between and in physical contact with an electrically conductive material such as metal of, for example, an electrode/via/line and a region having one or more layers of magnetic or ferromagnetic materials (for example, a fixed magnetic region of a magnetoresistive memory stack/structure). Further, the seed region may be substantially non-magnetic having a material composition or content including an alloy including nickel, iron, cobalt and/or chromium (for example, in one embodiment, an alloy including nickel and chromium wherein 25-60 atomic percent (+/−10%) or 30-50 atomic percent (+/−10%) is chromium, and preferably 40 atomic percent (+/−10%) is chromium).

The present inventions are also directed to magnetoresistive integrated circuit devices (for example, a spin-torque MRAM) having one or more magnetoresistive stacks/structures (for example, a plurality of MTJ stacks/structures of a MTJ-based sensor/transducer device and/or MTJ-based memory device). In one embodiment, the MTJ stacks/structures possess/include a perpendicular magnetic anisotropy wherein the magnetic region disposed on or in physical contact with the inventive seed region maintains or includes improved properties or characteristics (for example, magnetoresistance (MR) and resistance-area product (RA) of the stack/structure) after processing (for example, one or more annealing processes after deposition/formation of the magnetic region). Indeed, a magnetoresistive stack/structure including such a seed region may be more reliable and thermally stable and/or provide greater thermal endurance.

Notably, although certain exemplary embodiments are described and/or illustrated herein in the context of MTJ stacks/structures, the present inventions may be implemented in giant magnetoresistive (GMR) stacks/structures where a conductor is disposed between two ferromagnetic materials. Indeed, the present inventions may be employed in connection with other types of magnetoresistive stacks/structures wherein such stacks/structures include a seed region which is disposed between and in physical contact with an electrically conductive electrode/via/line and a region having one or more layers of magnetic or ferromagnetic materials. For the sake of brevity the discussions and illustrations will not be repeated specifically in the context of GMR or other magnetoresistive stacks/structures—but such discussions and illustrations are to be interpreted as being entirely applicable to GMR and other stacks/structures.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The present inventions may be implemented in connection with embodiments illustrated in the attached drawings. These drawings show different aspects of the present inventions and, where appropriate, reference numerals illustrating like structures, components, materials and/or elements in different figures are labeled similarly. It is understood that various combinations of the structures, components, and/or elements, other than those specifically shown, are contemplated and are within the scope of the present inventions.

Moreover, there are many inventions described and illustrated herein. The present inventions are neither limited to any single aspect nor embodiment thereof, nor to any combinations and/or permutations of such aspects and/or embodiments. Moreover, each of the aspects of the present inventions, and/or embodiments thereof, may be employed alone or in combination with one or more of the other aspects of the present inventions and/or embodiments thereof. For the sake of brevity, certain permutations and combinations are not discussed and/or illustrated separately herein. Notably, an embodiment or implementation described herein as “exemplary” is not to be construed as preferred or advantageous, for example, over other embodiments or implementations; rather, it is intended reflect or indicate the embodiment(s) is/are “example” embodiment(s).

FIGS. 1A and 1B each illustrate a cross-sectional view of layers of an exemplary MTJ-type magnetoresistive stack/structure (for example, an in-plane or out-of-plane (e.g., perpendicular) magnetic anisotropy magnetoresistive stack/structure) including a dielectric layer disposed between a free magnetic region and a fixed magnetic region wherein, in this exemplary embodiment, the fixed magnetic region is disposed on the seed region according to certain aspects of certain embodiments of the present inventions wherein the seed region includes one or more of nickel, chromium, cobalt and iron and alloys thereof, for example, an alloy including nickel and/or chromium, having a thickness (T) of T≥30 Angstroms, T≥40 Angstroms, or T≥40 Angstroms, or preferably T≥60 Angstroms, or more preferably 100 Angstroms≥T≥40 or 50 Angstroms, or even more preferably 100 Angstroms≥T≥60 Angstroms(for example, T=80 Angstroms), or most preferably T=60 Angstroms (notably, each of the aforementioned values, limits or ranges may be +/−10%); in this exemplary embodiment, the MTJ-type magnetoresistive stack/structure is disposed between and in physical contact with electrically conductive electrodes/vias/lines (for example, in the context of an electrodes or vias, tantalum, or an alloy thereof (such as a tantalum-nitride alloy), or a composite thereof (such as a tantalum and tantalum-nitride alloy composite)); notably, the free magnetic region and the fixed magnetic region may each include a plurality of the layer(s) of magnetic or ferromagnetic material(s) (for example, materials that include one or more of the ferromagnetic elements nickel (Ni), iron (Fe), and cobalt (Co), including, for example, alloys or engineered materials with one or more of the elements palladium (Pd), platinum (Pt), magnesium (Mg), manganese (Mn), and chromium (Cr)) as well as one or more synthetic antiferromagnetic structures (SAF) or synthetic ferromagnetic structures (SyF) wherein one or more layers of magnetic materials layers may also include one or more non-magnetic materials layers (for example, ruthenium (Ru), copper (Cu), aluminum (Al), tantalum (Ta), titanium (Ti), niobium (Nb), vanadium (V), zirconium (Zr), iridium (Ir) and one or more alloys thereof, and in certain embodiments, tungsten (W) and molybdenum (Mo); moreover, the dielectric layers may be, for example, one or more layers of aluminum oxide and/or magnesium oxide;

FIGS. 2A and 2B are simplified exemplary manufacturing flows for the deposition of layers of the exemplary MTJ-type magnetoresistive stack/structures of FIGS. 1A and 1B, respectively, according to certain aspects of certain embodiments of the present inventions wherein the various layers and/or regions are sequentially deposited, grown, sputtered, evaporated, formed and/or provided (hereinafter collectively “deposited” or other verb tense (e.g., “deposit” or “depositing”)) to provide the material stack that, after further processing, will be an MTJ-type magnetoresistive stack/structure (for example, having a perpendicular magnetic anisotropy);

FIG. 3A illustrates a cross-sectional view of an exemplary fixed magnetic region wherein in one exemplary embodiment, the fixed magnetic region is a fixed, unpinned SAF including a first multi-layer structure (AP1) which is antiferromagnetically coupled to a second multi-layer structure (AP2) via the coupling layer wherein each multi-layer structure may include a plurality of layers of magnetic or ferromagnetic material(s) (for example, materials that include one or more of the ferromagnetic elements nickel (Ni), iron (Fe), and cobalt (Co), including alloys or engineered materials with one or more of the elements palladium (Pd), platinum (Pt), chromium (Cr) and alloys thereof); the coupling layer may include one or more non-magnetic materials (for example, ruthenium (Ru), iridium (Ir) or rhodium (Rh));

FIG. 3B illustrates a cross-sectional view of an exemplary magnetic multi-layer of a portion of a fixed, unpinned SAF region of, for example, a fixed magnetic region, having interface layers (for example, layers that are in contact or interface with the seed region, the coupling layer and/or the dielectric layer), according to certain embodiments of the present inventions; notably, the magnetic multi-layer structure may be employed as AP1 and/or AP2 of the fixed, unpinned SAF region (see, for example, FIG. 3A) of, for example, a fixed magnetic region; moreover, the magnetic multi-layer structure may include one or more insertion layers (for example, one or more non-ferromagnetic transition metals, such as tantalum (Ta), tungsten (W) and/or molybdenum (Mo))—albeit such insertion layer(s) is/are not illustrated;

FIG. 3C illustrates a cross-sectional view of another exemplary fixed magnetic region including multi-layer structures (AP1 or AP2) and a transition layer and a reference layer disposed between AP2 and the dielectric layer, according to certain embodiments of the inventions, wherein the transition layer may include one or more layers of material that facilitate/improve growth of the dielectric layer (which is a tunnel barrier in the MTJ structure) during fabrication; in one embodiment, the reference layer may include one or more or all of cobalt, iron, boron and tantalum (for example, in an alloy—such as an amorphous alloy (e.g., CoFeB or CoFeBTa or CoFeTa) and the transition layer may include a non-ferromagnetic transition metal such as tantalum, titanium, tungsten and/or molybdenum; in another embodiment, the reference layer may include a layer of iron (for example, deposited as pure or substantially pure iron) and a layer of cobalt, iron and boron (for example, deposited as an alloy) wherein, after further/final processing (e.g., after annealing), the layer of iron at the interface may form a continuous atomic layer or may mix with the underlying ferromagnetic alloy in the final annealed structure, resulting in a high-iron interface region within the reference layer which is adjacent to the dielectric layer;

FIG. 4A illustrates a cross-sectional view of an exemplary free magnetic region wherein in one exemplary embodiment, the free magnetic region includes a plurality of ferromagnetic layers and one or more insertion layers (for example, having one or more non-ferromagnetic transition metals, such as tantalum, niobium, vanadium, zirconium, molybdenum or ruthenium and/or one or more alloys thereof); in one embodiment, the free magnetic region may include alternating ferromagnetic layers (for example, having cobalt, iron, boron, nickel and/or one or more alloys thereof such as a cobalt-iron alloy or a cobalt-iron-boron alloy) and insertion layers (for example, having one or more non-ferromagnetic transition metals, such as tantalum, niobium, vanadium, zirconium, molybdenum or ruthenium and/or one or more alloys thereof); notably, in one embodiment, the alternating ferromagnetic layer—insertion layer structure is disposed between ferromagnetic interface regions (for example, iron or an iron alloy) which interface with and/or contact the dielectric layer (i.e., tunnel barrier of the magnetoresistive stack/structure) and the spacer region (see FIG. 1A) or the first and second dielectric layers (see FIG. 1B);

FIG. 4B illustrates a cross-sectional view of an exemplary free magnetic region wherein in one exemplary embodiment, the free magnetic region includes a plurality of ferromagnetic materials and/or layers (for example, cobalt, iron, nickel and/or one or more alloys thereof such as a cobalt-iron alloy or a cobalt-iron-boron alloy); in this embodiment, the free magnetic region does not include one or more insertion layers in an alternating ferromagnetic layer - insertion layer structure (albeit, in one embodiment, not all insertion layers are omitted from the free magnetic region); notably, in this embodiment, the free magnetic region may also include ferromagnetic interface regions (for example, for example, iron or an iron alloy) which interface with and/or contact the dielectric layer (i.e., tunnel barrier of the magnetoresistive stack/structure) and the spacer region (see FIG. 1A) or the first and second dielectric layers (see FIG. 1B);

FIGS. 5A-5B illustrate cross-sectional views depicting various regions of exemplary magnetoresistive stacks, according to one or more embodiments of the present disclosure;

FIGS. 6A-6F illustrate cross-sectional views depicting exemplary seed regions of the exemplary magnetoresistive stacks depicted in FIGS. 5A-5B;

FIG. 7 illustrates a cross-sectional view depicting exemplary layers of a SAF disposed above an exemplary seed region within the magnetoresistive stacks shown in FIGS. 5A-5B;

FIG. 8 is a flow chart illustrating an exemplary fabrication process for manufacturing a magnetoresistive device, according to one or more embodiments of the present disclosure;

FIG. 9 is a flow chart illustrating another exemplary fabrication process for manufacturing a magnetoresistive device, according to one or more embodiments of the present disclosure;

FIG. 10 is an exemplary schematic diagram of a magnetoresistive memory stack/structure electrically connected to an access transistor in a magnetoresistive memory cell configuration; and

FIGS. 11 and 12 are schematic block diagrams of integrated circuits including discrete memory device and an embedded memory device, each including MRAM (which, in one embodiment is representative of one or more arrays of MRAM having a plurality of magnetoresistive memory stacks/structures according to according to certain aspects of certain embodiments of the present inventions.

Again, there are many inventions described and illustrated herein. The present inventions are neither limited to any single aspect nor embodiment thereof, nor to any combinations and/or permutations of such aspects and/or embodiments. Each of the aspects of the present inventions, and/or embodiments thereof, may be employed alone or in combination with one or more of the other aspects of the present inventions and/or embodiments thereof. For the sake of brevity, many of those combinations and permutations are not discussed separately herein.

Moreover, many other aspects, inventions and embodiments, which may be different from and/or similar to, the aspects, inventions and embodiments illustrated in the drawings, will be apparent from the description, illustrations and claims, which follow. In addition, although various features and attributes have been illustrated in the drawings and/or are apparent in light thereof, it should be understood that such features and attributes, and advantages thereof, are not required whether in one, some or all of the embodiments of the present inventions and, indeed, need not be present in any of the embodiments of the present inventions.

Notably, for simplicity and clarity of illustration, certain aspects of the figures depict the general structure and/or manner of construction of the various embodiments. Descriptions and details of well-known features and techniques may be omitted to avoid unnecessarily obscuring other features. Elements in the figures are not necessarily drawn to scale; the dimensions of some features may be exaggerated relative to other elements to improve understanding of the example embodiments. For example, one of ordinary skill in the art appreciates that the cross-sectional views are not drawn to scale and should not be viewed as representing proportional relationships between different layers. The cross-sectional views are provided to help illustrate the processing steps performed by simplifying the various layers to show their relative positioning. Moreover, while certain layers and features are illustrated with straight 90-degree edges, in actuality or practice such layers may be more “rounded” and gradually sloping.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

The following Detailed Description is merely illustrative and is not intended to limit the embodiments of the subject matter or the application and uses of such embodiments. Any embodiment or implementation described herein as exemplary is not necessarily to be construed as preferred or advantageous over other implementations. Rather it is intended or used in the sense of an “example” rather than “ideal” or “preferred” or “advantageous” relative to other implementations or embodiments.

Further, the terms “comprise,” “include,” “have” and any variations thereof are used synonymously to denote or describe non-exclusive inclusion. As such, a process, method, article, or apparatus that uses such terms does not include only those steps, structure or elements but may include other steps, structures or elements not expressly listed or inherent to such process, method, article, or apparatus. In addition, the terms “first,” “second,” and the like, herein do not denote any order, quantity, or importance, but rather are used to distinguish an element, a structure, a step or a process from another. Moreover, the terms “a” and “an” herein do not denote a limitation of quantity, but rather denote the presence of at least one of the referenced item.

In one aspect, the present inventions relate to a magnetoresistive stack/structure (for example, a magnetoresistive memory stack/structure or a magnetoresistive sensor/transducer stack/structure) and a method of manufacturing such a stack/structure wherein the magnetoresistive stack/structure (for example, a magnetic tunnel junction (MTJ) stack/structure) includes a seed region having a material composition and an associated thickness that improves the reliability, thermal stability and/or thermal endurance of the magnetoresistive stack/structure. For example, the seed region may include one or more of nickel, chromium, cobalt, iron and alloys thereof (for example, an alloy including nickel and/or chromium) having a thickness which is greater than or equal to 30 Angstroms or 40 Angstroms or 50 Angstroms, preferably greater than or equal to 60 Angstroms and less than or equal to 100 Angstroms (for example, 80 Angstroms), or most preferably 60 Angstroms (notably, each of the aforementioned values, limits and/or ranges of the thickness of the seed region may be +/−10%), which is disposed between and in physical contact with an electrically conductive material (for example, a metal material of, for example, an electrode/via/line (for example, in the context of an electrode or via, tantalum, or an alloy thereof or a composite thereof and the fixed magnetic region a magnetoresistive memory stack/structure (which, in one embodiment, includes a plurality of layers of one or more magnetic or ferromagnetic materials (for example, a multi-layer structure of (i) cobalt and platinum or (ii) cobalt and nickel))).

In one embodiment, the seed region is implemented in a MTJ-type magnetoresistive stack/structure having a perpendicular magnetic anisotropy wherein the magnetic region, which is disposed on or in physical contact with the seed region, maintains or includes improved properties (for example, magnetoresistance (MR) and resistance-area product (RA) of the stack/structure) after subsequent or additional processing (for example, annealing processes at temperatures of 400° C.)). Indeed, a stack/structure including such a seed region may exhibit improved reliability, thermal stability and/or thermal endurance of the magnetoresistive stack/structure. Here, the seed region of the present inventions may facilitate growth thereon of layers of the magnetic region that are smoother and/or include sharper interfaces (relative to layers grown on conventional seed regions). For example, a multi-layer magnetic region (e.g., (i) cobalt and platinum or (ii) cobalt and nickel) may be grown on the seed region of the present inventions more smoothly and with sharper interface. Further, the seed regions of the present inventions may include less stress (again relative to layers grown on conventional seed regions). One, some, or all of these characteristics may contribute to an MTJ-type magnetoresistive stack/structure exhibiting and/or maintaining improved characteristics or properties (for example, magnetoresistance (MR) and resistance-area product (RA) of the stack/structure) even after undergoing or being exposed to one or more processes (for example, one or more anneal processes) at elevated temperatures (for example, 400° C.).

For the sake of brevity, conventional techniques related to semiconductor processing may not be described in detail herein. The exemplary embodiments may be fabricated using known lithographic processes. The fabrication of integrated circuits, microelectronic devices, micro electro mechanical devices, microfluidic devices, and photonic devices involves the creation of several layers of materials that interact in some fashion. One or more of these layers may be patterned so various regions of the layer have different electrical or other characteristics, which may be interconnected within the layer or to other layers to create electrical components and circuits. These regions may be created by selectively introducing or removing various materials. The patterns that define such regions are often created by lithographic processes. For example, a layer of photoresist is applied onto a layer overlying a wafer substrate. A photo mask (containing clear and opaque areas) is used to selectively expose the photoresist by a form of radiation, such as ultraviolet light, electrons, or x-rays. Either the photoresist exposed to the radiation, or that not exposed to the radiation, is removed by the application of a developer. An etch may then be employed/applied whereby the layer not protected by the remaining resist is patterned. Alternatively, an additive process can be used in which a structure is built up using the photoresist as a template.

As noted above, in one aspect, the described embodiments relate to, among other things, methods of manufacturing a magnetoresistive stack/structure having one or more electrically conductive electrodes, vias or conductors on either side of a magnetic material stack. As described in further detail below, the magnetic material stack may include many different layers of material, where some of the layers include magnetic materials, whereas others do not. In one embodiment, the methods of manufacturing include sequentially depositing, growing, sputtering, evaporating and/or providing (as noted above, hereinafter collectively “depositing” or other verb tense (e.g., “deposit” or “deposited”)) layers and regions which, after further processing (for example, etching) those layers form a magnetoresistive stack/structure.

The magnetoresistive structures/stacks of the present inventions may be formed between electrically conductive material of, for example, a top electrode/via/line and a bottom electrode/via/line, which permit access to the stack/structure by allowing for connectivity to circuitry and other elements of the magnetoresistive device. Between electrically conductive material of, for example, the electrodes/vias/lines, are layers and/or regions, including at least one fixed magnetic region (which includes, among other things, a plurality of ferromagnetic layers), a seed region, which in at least one embodiment is disposed between the electrically conductive electrode/via/line, at least one free magnetic region (which includes, among other things, a plurality of ferromagnetic layers), and one or more dielectric layers or regions (hereinafter collectively, “dielectric layer”)—including at least one dielectric layer, disposed between a fixed magnetic region and the free magnetic region, to provide a tunnel barrier layer therebetween.

With reference to FIGS. 1A, 1B, 2A and 2B, the magnetoresistive structure/stack of a first aspect of the present inventions includes a seed region that is deposited on electrically conductive material of an electrode, via and/or conductor. In one embodiment, the material of the seed region includes one or more of nickel, chromium, cobalt, iron and alloys thereof. Here, the seed region may be deposited using a physical vapor deposition technique (for example, a sputtering technique (such as, an ion beam deposition or magnetron sputtering) and/or an evaporation technique. For example, the material of the seed region may be a nickel-chromium alloy which is ion beam sputtered on the material of the electrically conductive material (for example, a metal material of an electrode, via and/or conductor (for example, tantalum, or an alloy thereof (such as a tantalum-nitride alloy), or a composite thereof (such as a tantalum and tantalum-nitride alloy composite)). In one embodiment, the content of chromium is sufficient to render the seed region non-magnetic. For example, the nickel-chromium alloy may be greater than or equal to 25 or 30 atomic percent (+/−10%) chromium and less than or equal to 50 or 60 atomic percent (+/−10%) chromium and preferably, 40 atomic percent (+/−10%) chromium; notably, the balance of the nickel-chromium alloy, in one embodiment, consists of nickel.

With continued reference to FIGS. 1A, 1B, 2A and 2B, the thickness of the material (for example, nickel-chromium alloy) of the seed region, in one embodiment, is greater than or equal to 30, 40 or 50 Angstroms, or preferably greater than or equal to 60 Angstroms. In one embodiment, the thickness of the material of the seed region is greater than or equal to 40 Angstroms and less than or equal to 100 Angstroms (for example, greater than or equal to 40 Angstroms and less than or equal to 60 Angstroms), or preferably greater than or equal to 60 Angstroms and less than or equal to 100 Angstroms (for example, 80 Angstroms). In a most preferred embodiment, the thickness of the material (for example, a nickel-chromium alloy) of the seed region is 60 Angstroms. In the context of a nickel-chromium alloy, all combinations of the aforementioned thicknesses in conjunction with the aforementioned nickel and chromium atomic percentages are intended to fall within the scope of the present inventions (for example, Ni₆₀Cr₄₀ atomic percent having a thickness greater than or equal to 40 Angstroms and more preferably, (i) equal to 60 Angstroms or (ii) greater than or equal to 40 Angstroms and less than or equal to 60 Angstroms). Notably, each of the aforementioned values, limits and/or ranges of the thickness of the seed region may be +/−10%.

After deposition of the seed region, a fixed magnetic region is deposited. The fixed magnetic region may be a multi-layer, unpinned SAF including a plurality of layers of one or more magnetic or ferromagnetic materials (for example, a multi-layer structure of (i) cobalt and platinum (for example, each layer having a thickness of 5 Angstroms or less, preferably 4 Angstroms or less, and more preferably having a thickness of 3 Angstroms or less) or (ii) cobalt and nickel (for example, each layer having a thickness between 1 and 6 Angstroms, preferably 4 Angstroms or less, and more preferably 3 Angstroms or less)) separated by a coupling layer (for example, a coupling layer including ruthenium having a thickness of, for example, 4 Angstroms (+/−1 Angstrom)). (See, for example, FIGS. 3A and 3B).

The fixed magnetic region may be deposited or formed using any technique now known or later developed; all of which are intended to fall within the scope of the present inventions.

Notably, where the multi-layer SAF of the fixed magnetic region is cobalt and platinum an initial layer of ferromagnetic material of cobalt may be deposited on the seed region. Where the multi-layer SAF of the fixed magnetic region is cobalt and nickel, an initial layer of ferromagnetic material of nickel may be deposited on the seed region. Moreover, the multilayer SAF may include cobalt layers at both interfaces with the coupling layer.

Indeed, in one embodiment, the multilayer SAF of the fixed magnetic region possesses a perpendicular magnetic anisotropy. The seed region of the present inventions may facilitate growth, deposition or formation of an MTJ-based stack/structure having a perpendicular magnetic anisotropy with improved thermal endurance and properties notwithstanding subsequent or additional processing—including annealing processes of 400° C. Here, the seed region may facilitate growth, deposition or formation of smoother layers having a sharper interface. Such growth, deposition or formation may also provide less stress thereby assisting in the maintenance of high MR post processing at elevated temperatures (for example, 400° C.).

With reference to FIG. 3C, in another embodiment, the fixed magnetic region includes multi-layer structures (AP1 or AP2) and a transition layer and a reference layer disposed between AP2 and the dielectric layer. The transition layer may include one or more layers of material that facilitate/improve growth of a dielectric layer (which may be the tunnel barrier in the MTJ stack/structure) during fabrication. In one embodiment, the reference layer may include one or more or all of cobalt, iron, boron and tantalum (for example, in an alloy—such as an amorphous alloy (e.g., CoFeB or CoFeBTa or CoFeTa)) and the transition layer may include a non-ferromagnetic transition metal such as tantalum, titanium, tungsten and/or molybdenum. In yet another embodiment, the reference layer may include a layer of iron (for example, deposited as pure or substantially pure iron) and a layer of cobalt, iron and boron (for example, deposited as an alloy) wherein, after further/final processing (e.g., after annealing), the layer of iron at the interface may form a continuous atomic layer or may mix with the underlying ferromagnetic alloy in the final annealed structure, resulting in a high-iron alloy interface region (for example, an iron rich alloy (CoFe of CoFeX where X may be nickel and/or one or more non-magnetic materials such as one or more transition metals or boron)) within the reference layer which is adjacent to and/or in contact with the dielectric layer. In one embodiment, the high-iron alloy interface region is greater than or equal to 50% iron by atomic percentage).

With reference to FIGS. 1A, 1B, 2A and 2B, one or more dielectric layers may then be deposited on the fixed magnetic region using any technique now known or later developed. The one or more dielectric layers may be, for example, a magnesium-oxide or an aluminum-oxide. The one or more dielectric layers may provide the tunnel barrier region of the magnetoresistive stack/structure. In one embodiment, the one or more dielectric layers are fabricated or provided using the materials and processes described and illustrated in U.S. Pat. Nos. 8,686,484 and 9,136,464.

With continued reference to FIGS. 1A, 1B, 2A and 2B, a free magnetic region is then deposited on the one or more dielectric layers. Here, the free magnetic region may include a plurality of ferromagnetic material layers (for example, one or more of cobalt, iron, and nickel) as well as one or more non-magnetic material layers (for example, ruthenium, tantalum, aluminum). (See, for example, U.S. Pat. No. 8,686,484). The free magnetic region may include ferromagnetic interface regions. (See, for example, FIG. 4A). In one embodiment, the ferromagnetic interface regions include at least 50% iron by atomic percentage (hereinafter “high-iron interface regions”). (See, for example, U.S. Pat. No. 8,686,484). Notably, the high-iron interface regions may include a continuous layer of iron (for example, pure iron), a discontinuous layer of iron, and/or an interfacial layer of high-iron alloy (wherein the alloy includes greater than or equal to 50% iron by atomic percentage). In one embodiment, the high-iron interface region provides at least an atomic layer of material at the surface of the free magnetic region having mainly iron atoms. Notably, the high-iron interface regions may provide, among other things, high perpendicular interface anisotropy energy.

After deposition of the materials/layers of the free magnetic region, in one embodiment, a spacer region is deposited followed by an electrode/via/line. (See, FIG. 1A). In another embodiment, one or more second dielectric layers are deposited followed by a spacer region and an electrically conductive material (for example, a metal of an electrode/via/line). (See, FIG. 1B). The spacer region may be a non-magnetic region that provides a barrier between the free magnetic region and the electrically conductive material of the electrode/via/line. (See, for example, U.S. Pat. No. 8,686,484). Indeed, the one or more second dielectric layers of the embodiment of FIG. 1B, may provide, among other things, an additional barrier between the free magnetic region and the electrically conductive material of, for example, the electrode/via/line.

Notably, the magnetoresistive stack/structure may be fabricated from the layers and/or regions of FIGS. 1A and 1B using any process technique now known or later developed, for example, using well known conventional deposition and lithographic techniques to form the magnetoresistive stack/structure from the layers and/or regions of FIGS. 1A and 1B. In one embodiment, the present inventions employ the process techniques described and/or illustrated in Provisional Patent Application Nos. 62/111,976 and 62/249,196, which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety; notably, all of the inventions/embodiments described and/or illustrated herein may be implemented or employed in conjunction with the inventions/embodiments of the '976 and '196 applications.

During processing, the magnetoresistive stack/structure including the seed region of the present inventions maintains or includes, notwithstanding subsequent or additional processing (for example, annealing processes having temperatures of 400° C.), improved properties (for example, magnetoresistance (MR) and resistance-area product (RA) of the stack/structure). For example, a MTJ stacks/structure, having a perpendicular magnetic anisotropy, maintains or includes improved properties or characteristics (for example, magnetoresistance (MR) and resistance-area product (RA) of the stack/structure) after processing (for example, one or more annealing processes after deposition/formation of the magnetic region). Indeed, a magnetoresistive stack/structure including such a seed region may be more reliable and thermally stable (relative to conventional seed regions) and/or provide greater thermal endurance notwithstanding subsequent or additional processing (for example, annealing processes having temperatures of 400° C.).

There are many inventions described and illustrated herein. While certain embodiments, features, attributes and advantages of the inventions have been described and illustrated, it should be understood that many others, as well as different and/or similar embodiments, features, attributes and advantages of the present inventions, are apparent from the description and illustrations. As such, the above embodiments of the inventions are merely exemplary. They are not intended to be exhaustive or to limit the inventions to the precise forms, techniques, materials and/or configurations disclosed. Many modifications and variations are possible in light of this disclosure. It is to be understood that other embodiments may be utilized and operational changes may be made without departing from the scope of the present inventions. As such, the scope of the inventions is not limited solely to the description above because the description of the above embodiments has been presented for the purposes of illustration and description.

Indeed, the present inventions are neither limited to any single aspect nor embodiment thereof, nor to any combinations and/or permutations of such aspects and/or embodiments. Moreover, each of the aspects of the present inventions, and/or embodiments thereof, may be employed alone or in combination with one or more of the other aspects of the present inventions and/or embodiments thereof.

Many modifications, variations, combinations and/or permutations are possible in light of the above teaching. For example, although certain exemplary techniques are described and/or illustrated above in the context of MTJ-based magnetoresistive stacks/structures, as noted above, the present inventions may be implemented in GMR-based magnetoresistive stacks/structures (for example, sensor and memory). For the sake of brevity such discussions/illustrations will not be repeated in the context of GMR-based magnetoresistive stacks/structures having seed region of the present inventions—but it is to be interpreted as entirely applicable to GMR-based stacks/structures where a conductor (rather than a dielectric material in the case of MTJ-based stacks/structures) is disposed between magnetic materials.

Further, in one exemplary embodiment, the free magnetic region includes a plurality of ferromagnetic materials and/or layers (for example, including materials such as cobalt, iron, boron, nickel and/or one or more alloys thereof such as a cobalt-iron alloy or a cobalt-iron-boron alloy) but does not include a plurality of insertion layers in an alternating ferromagnetic layer -insertion layer structure. (See, FIG. 4B). Albeit, in another embodiment, one or more insertion layers are included and not omitted from the free magnetic region. Moreover, the free magnetic region may omit one or both of the ferromagnetic interface regions (for example, for example, iron or an iron alloy) which interface with and/or contact the dielectric layer (i.e., tunnel barrier of the magnetoresistive stack/structure) and the spacer region (see FIG. 1A) or the first and second dielectric layers (see FIG. 1B).

Some embodiments of MTJ stacks/structures may have layers with a specified level of purity. As noted above, in one aspect, the described embodiments relate to, among other things, methods of manufacturing magnetoresistive devices, such as, e.g., one or more MTJ stacks. As will be described in greater detail below, embodiments of the present disclosure relate to the formation of seed regions including an alloy including nickel (Ni) and chromium (Cr) (e.g., a nickel-chromium (NiCr) alloy) to allow for the formation of a SAF within a suitable magnetoresistive stack/structure. In some embodiments, the alloy including nickel (Ni) and chromium (Cr) may be of high purity (e.g., 99 atomic percent (at. %) or greater of the alloy is nickel (Ni) and/or chromium (Cr)).

In one or more embodiments, the seed region is implemented in an MTJ-type magnetoresistive stack having a perpendicular magnetic anisotropy wherein a magnetic region (e.g., a SAF) is disposed on or in physical contact with the seed region. SAFs may break down or become less effective when exposed to high temperatures. SAFs exposed to high temperatures may lose their in-plane or out-of-plane magnetic anisotropy. When SAFs are integrated into magnetoresistive stacks, subsequent processing steps may expose the SAFs to high temperatures and damage or otherwise negatively affect the performance of the SAF (e.g., worsened magnetoresistance (MR) and/or resistance-area product (RA)). In some embodiments, the stack including seed regions described below maintains or includes improved MR and/or RA. A magnetoresistive stack including a seed region as described herein may exhibit improved reliability, thermal stability, and/or thermal endurance. In one or more embodiments, the seed regions described herein may facilitate growth thereon of one or more magnetic layers of a “fixed” region (e.g., one or more layers of a SAF). Magnetic layers formed above a seed region, as described herein, may be more uniform or include sharper interfaces relative to stacks formed in the absence of such seed regions.

Referring now to FIG. 5A, an exemplary magnetoresistive stack 100 is shown, including a “fixed” magnetic region 140 and a “free” magnetic region 160 disposed between a first electrode 110 (e.g., a via or other conductor) and a second electrode 120 (e.g., a via or other conductor). A seed region 130 may be disposed between the first electrode 110 and the “fixed” region 140. Magnetoresistive stack 100 may include an intermediate layer 150 (e.g., of a dielectric material) disposed between the “fixed” region 140 and the “free” region 160, and a spacer region 170 between the “free” region 160 and the second electrode 120.

Referring to FIG. 5B, another exemplary magnetoresistive stack 100′ is shown, including a “fixed” magnetic region 140 and a “free” magnetic region 160 disposed between a first electrode 110 (e.g., a via or other conductor) and a second electrode 120 (e.g., a via or other conductor). A seed region 130 may be disposed between the first electrode and a first “fixed” region 140. Magnetoresistive stack 100′ may include a first intermediate layer 150 (e.g., made of a dielectric material) disposed between the first “fixed” region 140 and the “free” region 160 and a second intermediate layer 150′ (e.g., also made of a dielectric material) above the “free” region 160. In some embodiments, a second “fixed” region 180 may be disposed above the second intermediate layer 150′. Such embodiments may be referred to more commonly as a dual spin filter (DSF) magnetoresistive stack/structure. In some embodiments, the magnetoresistive stack 100′ may optionally include a spacer region (not pictured in FIG. 5B) between the second “fixed” region 180 and the second electrode 120.

Various seed regions 130 and methods of forming seed regions 130 and other layers of exemplary magnetoresistive stacks 100, 100′ will now be described. Although various embodiments will be discussed, it should be understood that aspects of one embodiment may be combined with aspects of another embodiment without departing from the intended scope of the present disclosure. Referring to FIGS. 6A-6F, various exemplary seed regions 130 are shown disposed between the first electrode 110 and “fixed” region 140. Although the remainder of the magnetoresistive stack 100, 100′ is not shown in FIGS. 6A-6F, it should be understood that the seed regions 130 described may be incorporated into any suitable magnetoresistive stack 100, 100′ now known or later developed.

As shown in FIG. 6A, a seed region 130 may be formed directly on or above top a first electrode 110. The seed region 130 may act as a surface on which one or more layers of a “fixed” region 140 may be formed (e.g., directly or indirectly) and allows current to pass bidirectionally from the first electrode 110 to the “fixed” region 140. The seed region 130 may include one or more of nickel (Ni), chromium (Cr), cobalt (Co), iron (Fe), or alloys thereof. In some embodiments, the seed region 130 may include an alloy including nickel (Ni) and chromium (Cr), such as, e.g., a NiCr alloy. The seed region 130 may further include one or more other metals or metal alloys, such as, by way of non-limiting example, palladium (Pd), platinum (Pt), nickel (Ni), tantalum (Ta), ruthenium (Ru), tungsten (W), molybdenum (Mo), iron-boron (FeB), cobalt-iron-boron (CFeB), tantalum-nitride (TaN), or combinations thereof. In some embodiments, the entire seed region 130 may comprise an alloy including nickel (Ni) and chromium (Cr) (e.g., NiCr alloy) that makes up 99% or greater atomic composition of the seed region. The remaining 1% or less may be considered impurities. Stated differently, for a given thickness or volume of seed region 130, the entire thickness or volume may have a composition that includes an atomic composition with 99% or greater of an alloy including nickel (Ni) and chromium (Cr) (e.g., NiCr alloy). In further embodiments, an alloy including nickel (Ni) and chromium (Cr) (e.g., NiCr alloy) makes up greater than or equal to 99.9 at. % composition of the seed region 130, greater than or equal to 99.99 at. % of the seed region 130, greater than or equal to 99.999, 99 at. % to 99.999 at. % of the seed region 130, or 99.9 at. % to 99.99 at. % of the seed region 130. The alloy including nickel (Ni) and chromium (Cr) of seed region 130 may include a chromium content greater than or equal to approximately 25 at. % chromium, greater than or equal to approximately 30 at. % chromium, greater than or equal to approximately 40 at. % chromium, greater than or equal to approximately 50 at. % chromium, greater than or equal to approximately 60 at. % chromium, approximately 25 at. % to 50 at. % chromium, or approximately 30 at. % to 45 at. % chromium. In one or more embodiments, the chromium content of the alloy including nickel (Ni) and chromium (Cr) of seed region 130 may be sufficient so as to cause seed region 130 to be non-magnetic.

Seed region 130 may be formed by any physical vapor deposition (PVD) or chemical vapor deposition technique (CVD) known in the art (e.g., sputtering, magnetron sputtering, ion beam deposition, atomic layer deposition, evaporative techniques). In some embodiments, the NiCr alloy of seed region 130 may be formed by depositing alternating layers of nickel (Ni) and chromium (Cr). Each layer of nickel (Ni) may include 99 at. % to 99.999 at. % or 99.9 at. % to 99.99 at. % nickel (Ni). Each layer of chromium (Cr) may include 99 at. % to 99.999 at. % or 99.9% to 99.99 at. % chromium (Cr).

In one or more embodiments, seed region 130 may have a thickness greater than or equal to approximately 20 angstroms (Å), greater than or equal to approximately 30 Å, greater than or equal to approximately 40 Å, greater than or equal to approximately 50 Å, greater than or equal to approximately 60 Å, greater than or equal to approximately 70 Å, greater than or equal to approximately 80 Å, approximately 25 A to 100 Å, approximately 30 A to 75 Å, approximately 30 A to 60 Å, or approximately 35 A to 50 A.

In one or more embodiments, the seed region 130 may include one or more NiCr alloy layers 135 and one or more auxiliary layers 131. In some embodiments, such as, for example the ones shown in FIGS. 6B, 6D, a seed region 130 may be formed such that an auxiliary layer 131 is above and in contact with the first electrode 110 and a layer 135 (of e.g., a NiCr alloy) is below and in contact with the “fixed” region 140.

In other embodiments, such as the one shown in FIG. 6C, a seed region 130 may be configured such that an alloy (e.g., an alloy including nickel and chromium) layer 135 is above and in contact with the first electrode 110 and an auxiliary layer 131′ is below and in contact with the “fixed” region 140. In some embodiments, a seed region 130 may include a plurality of auxiliary layers 131 and/or a plurality of alloy layers 135, as shown in FIGS. 6C-6E. A seed region 130 may include equal numbers of auxiliary layers 131 and alloy layers 135, for example, as shown in FIG. 6D. In other embodiments, such as the one shown in FIG. 6E, a seed region 130 includes more alloy layers 135 than auxiliary layers 131. In still other embodiments, a seed region 130 includes more auxiliary layers 131 than alloy layers 135.

An alloy layer 135 may include one or more of nickel (Ni), chromium (Cr), cobalt (Co), iron (Fe), or alloys thereof. In some embodiments, an alloy layer may include a NiCr alloy. The NiCr alloy layer 135 may further include one or more other metal or metal alloy dopants, such as, by way of non-limiting example, palladium (Pd), platinum (Pt), nickel (Ni), tantalum (Ta), ruthenium (Ru), tungsten (W), molybdenum (Mo), FeB, CFeB, TaN, or combinations thereof. In some embodiments, the alloy layer 135 may include greater than or equal to 99 atomic percent (at. %) NiCr alloy, based on the total composition of the region. In further embodiments, alloy layer 135 may include greater than or equal to 99.9 at. % NiCr alloy, greater than or equal to 99.99 at. % NiCr alloy, greater than or equal to 99.999 at. % NiCr alloy, approximately 99 at. % to approximately 99.999 at. %, or approximately 99.9 at. % to approximately 99.99 at. %. The NiCr alloy may include a chromium (Cr) content greater than or equal to 25 at. % chromium, greater than or equal to 30 at. % chromium, greater than or equal to 40 at. % chromium, greater than or equal to 50 at. % chromium, greater than or equal to 60 at. % chromium, approximately 25 at. % to approximately 50 at. % chromium, or approximately 30 at. % to approximately 45 at. % chromium.

Alloy layer 135 may have a thickness greater than or equal to approximately 10 Å, greater than or equal to approximately 15 Å, greater than or equal to approximately 20 Å, greater than or equal to approximately 25 Å, greater than or equal to approximately 30 Å, greater than or equal to approximately 35 Å, greater than or equal to approximately 40 Å, approximately 10 Å to approximately 50 Å, approximately 15 Å to approximately 40 Å, approximately 15 Å to approximately 30 Å, or approximately 20 Å to approximately 25 Å.

The one or more auxiliary layers 131 may include one or more of iron (Fe), cobalt (Co), palladium (Pd), platinum (Pt), nickel (Ni), tantalum (Ta), ruthenium (Ru), tungsten (W), molybdenum (Mo), FeB, TaN, CFeB, or combinations thereof. In embodiments where an auxiliary layer 131 is in contact with a first electrode 110, the composition of the auxiliary layer 131 may be chosen to be compatible with the first electrode 110 (e.g., made out of the same or similar metals or alloys). In other embodiments, the composition of auxiliary layer 131 may be different than the composition of the first electrode 110 it is in contact with. Similarly, in embodiments where an auxiliary layer 131 is in contact with one or more layers of the “fixed” region 140, the composition of auxiliary layer 131 may be chosen to be the same or similar metal or metal alloys as the one or more layers of the “fixed” region 140 it is in contact with. In other embodiments, the composition of auxiliary layer 131 may be different than the composition of the one or more layers of the “fixed” region 140 it is in contact with. In embodiments where a seed region 130 comprises a plurality of auxiliary layers 131, each auxiliary layer 131 may have the same or similar composition. In other embodiments where a seed region 130 comprises a plurality of auxiliary layers 131, at least one auxiliary layer 131 may have a different composition than the other auxiliary layers 131.

Referring to FIG. 6E, one exemplary seed region 130 may include two alloy layers 135, 135′ and an auxiliary layer 131 disposed therebetween. One alloy layer 135 is formed on the first electrode 110, an auxiliary layer 131 is formed on the alloy layer 135, then another alloy layer 135′ may be formed on the auxiliary layer 131, allowing for one or more layers of the “fixed” region 140 to be formed on the top alloy layer 135′ of seed region 130. In each instance, alloy layers 135 and 135′ may include an alloy including nickel and chromium. In this way, both the first electrode 110 and the “fixed” region 140 are in contact with an alloy layer 135, 135′ of seed region 130.

Any of the embodiments described herein may also include a dusting layer 139 deposited above seed region 130, as is shown in FIG. 6F. For example, if a NiCr seed region 130 is used, dusting layer 139 may be deposited over the NiCr seed region 130, and cobalt and/or platinum layers of “fixed” region 140 may be deposited on top of dusting layer 139. In some embodiments, when a “fixed” region 140 having layers of cobalt (Co) and/or platinum (Pt) is used, a strong crystal texture may be desirable in order to obtain a strong perpendicular magnetic anisotropy and/or a larger exchange coupling between AP1 and AP2. Strong crystal texture of “fixed” region 140 under intermediate layer 150 may lead to a rough intermediate layer 150, reducing the MTJ stack/structure time-dependent dielectric breakdown, and thus improving MRAM endurance. The inclusion of dusting layer 139 between seed region 130 and “fixed” region 140 may affect the crystalline structure of layers formed above dusting layer 139, e.g., “fixed” region 140 and/or intermediate layer 150 (e.g., a dielectric layer, an oxide layer, MgO). For example, one or more regions formed above dusting layer 139 may be formed with a stronger crystal texture as compared to magnetoresistive structures not including a dusting layer 139. The formation of a dusting layer 139 beneath one or more SAF or SyF structures may increase the ferromagnetic or antiferromagnetic coupling of the SAF and/or SyF, and this effect may be more pronounced in SAFs or SyFs including a ruthenium (Ru) coupling layer. Further, the inclusion of dusting layer 139 between seed region 130 and “fixed” region 140 may reduce wear and/or increase the durability of intermediate layer 150, for the reasons described above.

In embodiments in which the multilayer SAF (or SyF) of the “fixed” magnetic region 140 includes cobalt (Co) and platinum (Pt), an initial layer of ferromagnetic material including cobalt (Co) may be deposited on seed region 130 or dusting layer 139. In embodiments where the multilayer SAF includes cobalt (Co) and nickel (Ni), an initial layer of ferromagnetic material including nickel (Ni) may be deposited on seed region 130 or dusting layer 139.

Dusting layer 139 may include molybdenum (Mo), magnesium (Mg), iron (Fe), platinum (Pt), ruthenium (Ru), or combinations and alloys thereof (e.g., iron-boron (FeB), cobalt-iron (CoFe), cobalt-iron-boron (CoFeB)). In some embodiments, dusting layer 139 may have a thickness of less than 12 Å, greater than approximately 2 Å, approximately 1 Å to approximately 12 Å, approximately 2 Å to approximately 10 Å, approximately 2 Å to approximately 8 Å, approximately 2 Å to approximately 6 Å, approximately 4 Å to approximately 10 Å, or approximately 6 Å to approximately 10 Å.

In some embodiments, the AP1 and AP2 switching fields may vary based on the thickness and/or material of dusting layer 139. For example, similar exchange coupling fields may be obtained with a dusting layer 139 formed of iron (Fe), platinum (Pt), ruthenium (Ru), molybdenum (Mo), and/or cobalt-iron (CoFe), while dusting layers 139 formed of magnesium (Mg) and/or cobalt-iron-boron (CoFeB) may lead to more of a reduction in exchange coupling. Exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure may include a NiCr₆₀ seed region 130 with no dusting layer 139, a NiCr₆₀ seed region 130 with a Mgs dusting layer 139 on top, a NiCr₆₀ seed region 130 with a Fes dusting layer 139 on top, a NiCr₆₀ seed region 130 with a Pts dusting layer 139 on top, a NiCr₆₀ seed region 130 with a Ru₄ dusting layer 139 on top, a NiCr₆₀ seed region 130 with a Ru₉ dusting layer 139 on top, a NiCr₆₀ seed region 130 with a Mo₅ dusting layer 139 on top, a NiCr₆₀ seed region 130 with a Mo₁₀ dusting layer 139 on top, a NiCr₆₀ seed region 130 with a CoFe₅ dusting layer 139 on top, and/or a NiCr₆₀ seed region 130 with a CFB₂O₅ dusting layer 139 on top.

In one or more embodiments, “fixed” region 140 may be a fixed, unpinned SAF multilayer structure disposed on seed region 130. The fixed, unpinned SAF multilayer structure may include at least two magnetic regions (e.g., made of one or more layers) separated by a coupling region. The one or more magnetic regions may include nickel (Ni), iron (Fe), and cobalt (Co), palladium (Pd), platinum (Pt), chromium (Cr), manganese (Mn), magnesium (Mg), and alloys or combinations thereof. The coupling region may be an antiferromagnetic coupling region that includes non-ferromagnetic materials such as, for example, iridium (Ir), ruthenium (Ru), rhenium (Re), or rhodium (Rh). In some embodiments, one or more magnetic regions may comprise a magnetic multilayer structure that includes a plurality of layers of a first ferromagnetic material (e.g., cobalt (Co)), a second ferromagnetic material (e.g., nickel (Ni)), and/or a paramagnetic material (e.g., platinum (Pt)).

Additionally, or in the alternative, in some embodiments, the “fixed” region 20 may include one or more synthetic ferromagnetic structures (SyF). Since SyFs are known to those skilled in the art, they are not described in greater detail herein. In some embodiments, the “fixed” region 140 may have a thickness of approximately 8 Å to approximately 300 Å, approximately 15 Å to approximately 110 Å, greater than or equal to 8 Å, greater than or equal to 15 Å, less than or equal to 300 Å or less than or equal to 110 Å.

In some embodiments, the “fixed” region 140 may also include one or more additional layers, such as for example, a transition region and/or a reference region. The transition region and/or reference region may be disposed at the top of the “fixed” region, proximate to an overlying layer (e.g., an intermediate layer, described below). The reference and/or transition regions may include one or more layers of material that, among other things, facilitate and improve the growth of one or more overlying regions during manufacture of a magnetoresistive stack. The reference region may include cobalt (Co), iron (Fe), and boron (B), CoFeB, CoFeBTa, CoFeTa, or combinations thereof. The transition region may include non-ferromagnetic transition metals such as, for example, tantalum (Ta), titanium (Ti), tungsten (W), ruthenium (Ru), niobium (Nb), zirconium (Zr), and/or molybdenum (Mo).

“Fixed” region 140 may be deposited using any technique now know or later developed. In some embodiments, one or more of the magnetic regions of the “fixed” region 140 may be deposited using a “heavy” inert gas (e.g., xenon (Xe), argon (Ar), krypton (Kr)), at room temperature, approximately 25° C., approximately 15° C. to approximately 40° C., approximately 20° C. to approximately 30° C. In some embodiments, the coupling region of the SAF may also be deposited using a “heavy” inert gas at similar temperatures.

The various regions or layers of “fixed” region 140 may be deposited individually during manufacture. However, as would be recognized by those of ordinary skill in the art, the materials that make up the various regions may alloy with (intermix with and/or diffuse into) the materials of adjacent regions during subsequent processing (e.g., deposition of overlying layers, high temperature or reactive etching technique, and/or annealing). Therefore, a person skilled in the art would recognize that, although the different regions of “fixed” region 140 may appear as separate regions with distinct interfaces immediately after formation of these regions, after subsequent processing operations, the materials of the different layers or regions may alloy together to form a single alloyed “fixed” region 140 having a higher concentration of different materials at interfaces between different regions. Thus, in some cases, it may be difficult to distinguish the different regions of the “fixed” region 140 in a finished magnetoresistive stack.

Referring now to FIG. 7 , a “fixed” region 140 may include a SAF and be formed above and/or in contact with seed region 130. A first magnetic region 142 may be formed on seed region 130. The magnetic region 142 may comprise one or more layers of magnetic or ferromagnetic material. In some embodiments, each layer of magnetic or ferromagnetic material has a thickness less than or equal to approximately 10 Å, less than or equal to approximately 8 Å, less than or equal to approximately 6 Å, less than or equal to approximately 5 Å, less than or equal to approximately 4 Å, less than or equal to approximately 3 Å, or approximately 1 Å to approximately 6 Å. The one or more layers of magnetic layer 142 may be formed by any physical vapor deposition (PVD) or chemical vapor deposition (CVD) technique known in the art (e.g., sputtering, magnetron sputtering, ion beam deposition, atomic layer deposition, evaporative techniques).

In some embodiments, the first magnetic region 142 formed on seed region 130 comprises cobalt (Co) and nickel (Ni) and a layer of cobalt may be deposited directly on seed region 130. In other embodiments, a layer of nickel (Ni) may be deposited directly on seed region 130.

After the first magnetic region 142 is formed, a coupling layer 145 may be formed above and/or in contact with the first magnetic region 142. The coupling layer 145 may be formed by any physical vapor deposition (PVD) or chemical vapor deposition (CVD) technique known in the art (e.g., sputtering, magnetron sputtering, ion beam deposition, atomic layer deposition, evaporative techniques). In some embodiments, first magnetic region 142 may include a layer of cobalt (Co) in contact with coupling layer 145. A second magnetic region 142′ may be formed on coupling layer 145. The second magnetic region 142′ may have the same composition as the first magnetic region 142, or the second magnetic region 142′ may have a different composition than the first magnetic region 142. In some embodiments, a layer of cobalt (Co) is formed on the coupling layer 145 as part of the second magnetic region 142′. The coupling layer 145 may be disposed between two cobalt (Co) layers, one of the first magnetic region 142 and other of the second magnetic region 142′.

In some embodiments, “fixed” region 140 may include a SAF which possesses perpendicular magnetic anisotropy. In one or more embodiments, the seed region 130 facilitates the growth of smoother layers of the SAF which have sharper interfaces. Seed regions 130 described herein may facilitate growth, deposition, or formation of the SAF and may also provide less stress thereby assisting in the maintenance of high MR at temperatures greater than or equal to approximately 400° C., greater than or equal to approximately 450° C., or greater than or equal to approximately 500° C. The thermal durability of the SAF formed on seed regions 130 described herein may allow for the SAF to maintain its magnetic properties during later processing of the magnetoresistive stack or MRAM device.

Still referring to FIG. 7 , after a “fixed” region 140 is formed, one or more intermediate layers 150 (e.g., made of a dielectric material) may then be formed above and/or in contact with the “fixed” magnetic region 140, as previously described. The one or more dielectric layers 150 may include metal oxides (e.g., MgO or Al_(x)O_(x)) and may provide the tunnel barrier for the magnetoresistive stack.

Similarly, a “free” magnetic region 160 may be formed above and/or in contact with the one or more intermediate layers 150. The “free” magnetic region 160 may include one or more ferromagnetic layers (e.g., layers including cobalt (Co), iron (Fe), nickel (Ni)). In some embodiments, the free magnetic region also may include one or more additional materials such as, e.g., boron (B). In some embodiments, “free” magnetic region 160 may include one or more non-magnetic layers (e.g., ruthenium (Ru), tantalum (Ta), aluminum (Al)). “Free” magnetic region 160 may also include high-iron interface layers (e.g., layers which contain greater than or equal to 50 at. % iron).

In another example, “free” magnetic region 160 may comprise at last two ferromagnetic regions separated by a coupling region (e.g., including tantalum (Ta), tungsten (W), molybdenum (Mo), ruthenium (Ru), rhodium (Ro), rhenium (Re), iridium (Ir), chromium (Cr), osmium (Os), and their combinations). The coupling region may provide either ferromagnetic coupling or antiferromagnetic coupling between the ferromagnetic layers/regions of the “free” magnetic region 160. Notwithstanding the specific construction of “free” magnetic region 160, “free” magnetic region 160 may include a magnetic vector (or moment) that can be moved or switched by applied magnetic fields or spin torque currents. “Free” magnetic region 160 may be formed from any ferromagnetic material having two or more stable magnetic states. These materials may include alloys of one or more of the ferromagnetic elements nickel (Ni), iron (Fe), cobalt (Co), and boron (B). Additional elements may be added to the alloys to provide improved magnetic, electrical, or microstructural properties. In some embodiments, similar to “fixed” region 20, “free” region 60 also may include one or more SAF or SyF structures. In general, “free” region 60 may have any thickness, such as, for example, approximately 7-40 Å, preferably approximately 20-30 Å, and more preferably approximately 25-28.5 Å.

It should be noted that while not specifically described, various lithographic, etching processes, or finishing steps common in the art (e.g., ion beam etching, chemical etching, chemical-physical planarization) may be performed after the formation of one or more layers of the exemplary magnetoresistive stacks. Exemplary methods for forming a magnetoresistive stack 100, 100′ according to embodiments of the present disclosure will now be discussed, reference to parts and the numbered labels shown in FIGS. 5A-7 may be used.

FIG. 8 is a flow chart of a method 400 of manufacturing a magnetoresistive stack, e.g., magnetoresistive stack 100, according to the present disclosure. A first electrically conductive material 110 (e.g., an electrode, via, and/or conductor) may be formed above a substrate, such as, for example, a silicon-based substrate (step 410). A seed region 130 may then be formed above the first electrically conductive material 110 (step 420). The seed region 130 may include any of the aforementioned described seed regions 130. Next, a “fixed” magnetic region 140 (e.g., a SAF) may be formed above the seed region 130 (step 430). Subsequently, a intermediate layer 150 (e.g., a dielectric layer) may be formed above the “fixed” magnetic region 140 (step 440). Next, a “free” magnetic region 160 may be formed over the intermediate layer 150 (step 450). After the “free” magnetic region 160 is formed, an optional spacer region may be formed above the “free” magnetic region 160 in some embodiments. A second electrically conductive material 120 (e.g., an electrode, via, and/or conductor) may be next (step 470), thereby providing electrical connectivity to magnetoresistive stack 100.

FIG. 9 is a flow chart of another method 500 of manufacturing a magnetoresistive stack 100, according to the present disclosure. A first electrically conductive material 110 (e.g., an electrode, via, and/or conductor) may be formed above a substrate, such as, for example, a silicon-based substrate (step 510). A seed region 130 may then be formed above the first electrically conductive material 110 (step 520). The seed region 130 may include any of the aforementioned described seed regions 130. Next, a “fixed” magnetic region 140 (e.g., a SAF) may be formed above the seed region 130 (step 530). Subsequently, a first intermediate layer 150 (e.g., a dielectric layer) may be formed above the “fixed” magnetic region 140 (step 540). Next, a “free” magnetic region 160 may be formed over the first intermediate layer 150 (step 550). After the “free” magnetic region 160 is formed, a second intermediate layer 150′ (e.g., a dielectric layer) may be formed above the “free” magnetic region 160 (step 560). A second “fixed” magnetic region 180 may then be formed above the second intermediate layer 150′ (step 570). Then, in some embodiments, an optional spacer region 170 may be formed above the second “fixed” region 180. A second electrically conductive material 120 (e.g., an electrode, via, and/or conductor) may be next formed (step 580), thereby providing electrical connectivity to magnetoresistive stack 100′.

As alluded to above, the magnetoresistive devices of the present disclosure, including seed regions 130 described herein, may be implemented in a sensor architecture or a memory architecture (among other architectures). For example, in a memory configuration, the magnetoresistive devices, including embodiment magnetoresistive stacks/structures described herein, may be electrically connected to an access transistor and configured to couple or connect to various conductors, which may carry one or more control signals, as shown in FIG. 10 . The magnetoresistive devices of the current disclosure may be used in any suitable application, including, e.g., in a memory configuration. In such instances, the magnetoresistive devices may be formed as an integrated circuit comprising a discrete memory device (e.g., as shown in FIG. 11 ) or an embedded memory device having a logic therein (e.g., as shown in FIG. 12 ), each including MRAM, which, in one embodiment is representative of one or more arrays of MRAM having a plurality of magnetoresistive stacks, according to certain aspects of certain embodiments disclosed herein. In one embodiment, a plurality of magnetoresistive memory stacks/structures may be fabricated and/or incorporated on an integrated circuit, for example, in an MRAM array. (See, FIGS. 11 and 12 ).

The alloys described and illustrated herein may be formed using any technique now known or later developed. For example, the alloys may be formed via co-deposition (for example, via sputtering and/or evaporating of a nickel-chrome alloy or via concurrently and separately sputtering and/or evaporating nickel and chromium). In addition thereto, or in lieu thereof, sequentially depositing materials, together with one or more annealing processes, may be employed to form the alloys. Again, any technique now known or later developed may be used to form the alloys described and illustrated herein.

The fixed, unpinned SAF region may include two multi-layer structures (AP1 and AP2—for example, like that of the magnetic multi-layer structure of FIG. 3A). In another embodiment, the fixed, unpinned SAF region may include only one multi-layer structure (either AP2 or AP1) and a non-multi-layer structure (the other of AP2 or AP1). Here, the magnetic multi-layer structure and a non-multi-layer structure are antiferromagnetically coupled via a coupling layer. The multi-layer structure (AP1 or AP2) may include any particular structure or architecture (and be manufactured) consistent with any of the embodiment described and/or illustrated herein.

Further, as mentioned above, in one embodiment, the fixed magnetic region includes multi-layer structures (AP1 or AP2) and a transition layer and reference layer disposed between AP2 and the dielectric layer. (See, FIG. 3C). Here, the transition layer may include one or more layers of material that facilitate/improve growth of the dielectric layer (which is a tunnel barrier in the MTJ structure) during fabrication. In one embodiment, the reference layer may include one or more or all of cobalt, iron, boron and tantalum (for example, in an alloy—such as an amorphous alloy (e.g., CoFeB or CoFeBTa or CoFeTa) and the transition layer may include a non-ferromagnetic transition metal such as tantalum, titanium, tungsten and/or molybdenum. Moreover, in another embodiment, the reference layer may include a layer of iron (for example, deposited as pure or substantially pure iron) and a layer of (i) cobalt and iron or (ii) cobalt, iron and boron (for example, deposited as an alloy) wherein, after further/final processing (e.g., after annealing), the layer of iron at the interface may form a continuous atomic layer or may mix with the underlying ferromagnetic alloy in the final annealed structure, resulting in a high-iron alloy interface region (for example, greater than or equal to 50% iron by atomic percentage) within the reference layer which is adjacent to the dielectric layer.

Notably, while the magnetic materials layer(s) and magnetic materials of the MTJ stack/structure are illustrated as a single layer, the magnetic materials layer(s) and magnetic materials may include a number of different layers of both magnetic and nonmagnetic material. For example, the layers may include multiple layers of magnetic material, dielectric layers that provide, for example, one or more diffusion barriers, coupling layers between layers of magnetic material that provide for ferromagnetic or antiferromagnetic coupling, antiferromagnetic material. For example, one of the magnetic material layer(s) may include a set of layers forming a SAF and a layer of antiferromagnetic material, seeding layers, diffusion layers as well as non-contiguous layers of magnetic and nonmagnetic material. The other magnetic material layer(s) may include a set of layers corresponding to a SyF, seeding layers, spacing layers, diffusion layers as well as non-contiguous layers of magnetic and nonmagnetic material. Notably, each of the layers shown to be included in the magnetoresistive device may be a composite layer that includes multiple sub-layers. Other embodiments may include multiple SAFs, SyFs, and tunnel barriers in addition to the other layers, where the materials and structures are arranged in various combinations and permutations now known or later developed.

For example, one or more regions (for example, the fixed magnetic region) of the magnetoresistive stack/structure (for example, a magnetoresistive memory stack/structure or a magnetoresistive sensor/transducer stack/structure) may include and/or consist of a SyF. For example, the fixed magnetic region may be a pinned or unpinned SyF including, for example, a multi-layer SyF a plurality of layers of one or more magnetic or ferromagnetic materials separated by an ferromagnetic coupling layer (for example, an coupling layer including ruthenium or rhodium having a thickness that provides ferromagnetic coupling). Such a SyF may be deposited or formed on the seed region. Notably, all of the inventions described and/or illustrated herein may be implemented in conjunction with a pinned or unpinned SyF embodiment; however, for the sake of brevity, such combinations and permutations will not be described/illustrated separately herein.

Further, the one or more layers of magnetic materials (for example, nickel, iron, cobalt, and alloys thereof) may be etched, formed and/or patterned using any etchants and/or technique now known or later developed—for example, using mechanical and/or chemical techniques (for example, an ion beam etching, low bias power sputter technique or a chemical etch technique (such as a conventional fluorine and/or chlorine based etch technique)). Where the magnetic material stack includes one or more SAFs or SyFs, the one or more layers of magnetic materials layers may also include one or more non-magnetic materials layers (for example, copper, aluminum or non-ferromagnetic transition metals, such as tantalum, niobium, vanadium, zirconium, molybdenum or ruthenium). Notably, one or more magnetic material stack may include SAF and SyF structures, one or more layers of magnetic materials, and other materials (including magnetic and/or non-magnetic) now known or later developed. Such materials and/or structures may be arranged in any combination or permutation now known or later developed.

The MTJ-based magnetoresistive stack/structure may include out-of-plane magnetic anisotropy or in-plane magnetic anisotropy. The present inventions are applicable to all forms or types of magnetoresistive stacks/structures. Moreover, the free magnetic region may be disposed on the magnetic tunnel barrier or beneath the magnetic tunnel barrier; the fixed magnetic region would be disposed on and interface a side of the magnetic tunnel barrier which is opposite to the side that interfaces the free magnetic region.

Further, although the exemplary embodiments are described and/or illustrated above in the context of MTJ stacks/structures having a free magnetic region disposed above the tunnel barrier and the fixed magnetic region disposed below the tunnel barrier, the present inventions may be implemented wherein the fixed magnetic region is disposed above the tunnel barrier and the free magnetic region disposed below the tunnel barrier. In this embodiment, the free magnetic region is formed on (and in contact with) the seed region. For the sake of brevity, the embodiment where the free magnetic region is formed on and in contact with the seed region will not be separately illustrated—but these inventions are to be interpreted as entirely applicable to such embodiments where the free magnetic region is formed and disposed on the seed region (rather than formed and disposed on a dielectric material in the case of MTJ stacks/structures). As such, in one embodiment, the magnetoresistive stack/structure includes an out-of-plane magnetic anisotropy (for example, perpendicular magnetic anisotropy) where a pinned or unpinned fixed magnetic region is disposed on or above one or more layer(s) of dielectric material, which is disposed on or above a free magnetic region wherein the free magnetic region is disposed on and in contact with the seed region (which may be disposed on and in contact with one or more layers of electrically conductive materials.

Although the described exemplary embodiments disclosed herein are directed to various magnetoresistive-based devices and methods for making such devices, the present disclosure is not necessarily limited to the exemplary embodiments, which illustrate inventive aspects that are applicable to a wide variety of semiconductor processes and/or devices. Thus, the particular embodiments disclosed above are illustrative only and should not be taken as limitations, as the embodiments may be modified and practiced in different but equivalent manners apparent to those skilled in the art having the benefit of the teachings herein. Accordingly, the foregoing description is not intended to limit the disclosure to the particular form set forth, but on the contrary, is intended to cover such alternatives, modifications and equivalents as may be included within the spirit and scope of the inventions so that those skilled in the art should understand that they can make various changes, substitutions and alterations without departing from the spirit and scope of the inventions in their broadest form.

Notably, reference herein to “one embodiment” or “an embodiment” means that a particular feature, structure, or characteristic described in connection with the embodiment may be included, employed and/or incorporated in one, some or all of the embodiments of the present inventions. The usages or appearances of the phrase “in one embodiment” or “in another embodiment” in the specification are not referring to the same embodiment, nor are separate or alternative embodiments necessarily mutually exclusive of one or more other embodiments, nor limited to a single exclusive embodiment. The same applies to the term “implementation.” The present inventions are neither limited to any single aspect nor embodiment thereof, nor to any combinations and/or permutations of such aspects and/or embodiments. Moreover, each of the aspects of the present inventions, and/or embodiments thereof, may be employed alone or in combination with one or more of the other aspects of the present inventions and/or embodiments thereof. For the sake of brevity, certain permutations and combinations are not discussed and/or illustrated separately herein.

Further, as indicated above, an embodiment or implementation described herein as “exemplary” is not to be construed as preferred or advantageous, for example, over other embodiments or implementations; rather, it is intended convey or indicate the embodiment or embodiments are example embodiment(s).

In the claims, the term “ferromagnetic material” means or includes magnetic and/or ferromagnetic materials. As noted above, the term “deposit” (or various forms thereof (e.g., deposited, deposition or depositing)) means or includes deposit, grow, sputter, evaporate, form and/or provide (or various forms thereof). Moreover, in the claims, values, limits and/or ranges of the thickness and atomic composition of, for example, the seed region, means the value, limit and/or range +/−10%. The term “magnetoresistive stack”, in the claims, means or includes a magnetoresistive stack or magnetoresistive structure, for example, a magnetoresistive memory stack/structure (such as a memory cell in, for example, MRAM or the like) or a magnetoresistive sensor/transducer stack/structure (such as, for example, a read head for hard disk drives or the like).

The terms “comprise,” “include,” “have” and any variations thereof (for example, “comprising,” “including” and “having”) are used synonymously to denote or describe non-exclusive inclusion. As such, a process, method, article and/or apparatus that uses such terms to, for example, describe a recipe, configuration and/or contents, does not include only those steps, structures and/or elements but may include other steps, structures and/or elements not expressly identified, listed or inherent to such process, method, article or apparatus.

Further, the terms “first,” “second,” and the like, herein do not denote any order, quantity, or importance, but rather are used to distinguish one element from another. Moreover, the terms “a” and “an” herein do not denote a limitation of quantity, but rather denote the presence of at least one of the referenced item. 

1-22. (canceled)
 23. A magnetoresistive stack comprising: an electrically conductive material; a seed region disposed above the electrically conductive material, wherein the seed region includes tantalum; a fixed magnetic region disposed above the seed region, a first dielectric layer disposed above at least a portion of the fixed magnetic region; a free magnetic region disposed above the first dielectric layer; a second dielectric layer disposed above the free magnetic region; and a third magnetic region disposed above the second dielectric layer.
 24. The magnetoresistive stack of claim 23, wherein the fixed magnetic region is disposed on and in contact with the seed region.
 25. The magnetoresistive stack of claim 23, wherein the seed region further comprises iron, cobalt, palladium, platinum, nickel, ruthenium, tungsten, molybdenum, an alloy including: iron and boron, an alloy including: cobalt, iron, and boron, or a combination thereof.
 26. The magnetoresistive stack of claim 23, wherein the seed region has a thickness greater than or equal to approximately 30 Å.
 27. The magnetoresistive stack of claim 23, wherein the fixed magnetic region includes a synthetic antiferromagnetic structure comprising: a first ferromagnetic region disposed above the seed region; a coupling layer disposed on and in contact with the first ferromagnetic region; and a second ferromagnetic region disposed on and in contact with the coupling layer and below the first dielectric layer.
 28. The magnetoresistive stack of claim 23, wherein the second dielectric layer is in contact with the free magnetic region wherein the third magnetic region comprises iron and cobalt.
 29. The magnetoresistive stack of claim 28, further comprising a spacer region disposed above the third magnetic region.
 30. The magnetoresistive stack of claim 23, further comprising a spacer region disposed above the third magnetic region, wherein the spacer region comprises ruthenium.
 31. The magnetoresistive stack of claim 23, further comprising a spacer region disposed above the third magnetic region, wherein the spacer region comprises ruthenium, wherein the electrically conductive material is a first electrically conductive material, and the magnetoresistive stack further comprises a second electrically conductive material disposed above the spacer region, wherein the second electrically conductive material comprises tantalum.
 32. A magnetoresistive stack comprising: an electrically conductive material; a seed region disposed above the electrically conductive material, wherein the seed region comprises one or more of nickel, chromium, and ruthenium; a fixed magnetic region disposed above the seed region, wherein the fixed magnetic region includes a synthetic antiferromagnetic structure; a first dielectric layer disposed above at least a portion of the fixed magnetic region; a free magnetic region disposed above the first dielectric layer; a second dielectric layer disposed above the free magnetic region; and a third magnetic region disposed above the second dielectric layer.
 33. The magnetoresistive stack of claim 32, wherein the seed region has a thickness greater than or equal to approximately 30 Å.
 34. The magnetoresistive stack of claim 32, wherein the fixed magnetic region is disposed on and in contact with the seed region.
 35. The magnetoresistive stack of claim 32, wherein the third magnetic region comprises iron and cobalt, and wherein the synthetic antiferromagnetic structure comprises: a first ferromagnetic region disposed above the seed region; a coupling layer disposed on and in contact with the first ferromagnetic region; and a second ferromagnetic region disposed on and in contact with the coupling layer and below the first dielectric layer.
 36. A magnetoresistive stack comprising: an electrically conductive material; a seed region disposed above the electrically conductive material, wherein the seed region comprises tantalum and one or more of: nickel, chromium, ruthenium, iron, cobalt, palladium, platinum, tungsten, and molybdenum; a fixed magnetic region disposed above the seed region, a dielectric layer disposed above at least a portion of the fixed magnetic region; a free magnetic region disposed above the dielectric layer; and a third magnetic region disposed above the free magnetic region.
 37. The magnetoresistive stack of claim 36, wherein the fixed magnetic region is disposed on and in contact with the seed region.
 38. The magnetoresistive stack of claim 36, wherein the dielectric layer is a first dielectric layer, and the magnetoresistive stack further comprises a second dielectric layer disposed above the free magnetic region.
 39. The magnetoresistive stack of claim 36, wherein the fixed magnetic region includes a synthetic antiferromagnetic structure comprising: a first ferromagnetic region disposed above the seed region; a coupling layer disposed on and in contact with the first ferromagnetic region; and a second ferromagnetic region disposed on and in contact with the coupling layer.
 40. The magnetoresistive stack of claim 36, further comprising a spacer region disposed above the free magnetic region, wherein the spacer region comprises ruthenium, and wherein the third magnetic region comprises iron and cobalt.
 41. The magnetoresistive stack of claim 36, wherein the electrically conductive material is a first electrically conductive material, and the magnetoresistive stack further comprises a second electrically conductive material disposed above the free magnetic region, wherein the second electrically conductive material comprises tantalum.
 42. The magnetoresistive stack of claim 36, wherein the seed region has a thickness greater than or equal to approximately 30 Å. 